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What infrastructure financing models and challenges exist for UPSC?

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  • Infrastructure financing relies on models like PPP, BOT, and Hybrid Annuity, alongside innovative mechanisms like InvITs and NIIF.
  • Key challenges include twin-balance sheet problems, regulatory delays, and asset-liability mismatches.
  • Sleepy Classes IAS demystifies these complex economic structures, providing highly structured video lectures and crisp analytical notes to ensure top UPSC marks.